Catalysts, Vol. 15, Pages 957: Heterogeneous Catalysts from Food Waste for Biodiesel Synthesis—A Comprehensive Review

Catalysts doi: 10.3390/catal15100957

Authors:
Violeta Makarevičienė
Ieva Gaidė
Eglė Sendžikienė

The transesterification process of vegetable oil applied in biodiesel synthesis is catalytic. Industrial production uses chemical catalysts that are difficult to separate from the product, regenerate, and reuse, which is why there is a search for new catalysts that are of natural origin or obtained from various types of waste. Calcium oxide is widely used as a heterogeneous catalyst, and can be obtained from calcium carbonate. The article reviews the possibilities of using eggshells as a catalyst for biodiesel synthesis: the optimal calcination conditions, the efficiency of the obtained catalyst, the optimal transesterification conditions, and the influence of various factors on biodiesel yield. It also discusses the possibilities and conditions for regenerating the catalyst and reusing it. Another food industry waste containing calcium compounds is animal bones, from which an effective biodiesel synthesis catalyst can be obtained. Before use, the bones are also crushed and calcined. The article presents the conditions for catalyst preparation and catalytic activity, and the possibilities for its enhancement by incorporating other elements, as well as the dependence of ester yields on transesterification conditions. The process of catalyst regeneration and reuse is discussed.

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