Children, Vol. 13, Pages 235: Early Detection of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: The Expanding Role of Screening

Children doi: 10.3390/children13020235

Authors:
Marco Calderone
Sara Aramnejad
Elèna Giliberto
Bruno Bombaci
Mariarosaria La Rocca
Arianna Torre
Fortunato Lombardo
Giuseppina Salzano
Stefano Passanisi

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common chronic autoimmune disease in childhood, often presenting abruptly and frequently complicated by diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis. T1D develops through well-defined presymptomatic stages characterized by islet autoimmunity and progressive dysglycemia, offering a window for early identification. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on screening for T1D in children and adolescents, focusing on target populations, screening strategies, and methodological approaches for autoantibody detection. Data from major international programs involving familial, high-risk, and general population screening are discussed, highlighting their impact on reducing diabetic ketoacidosis at onset, improving metabolic outcomes, and facilitating structured follow-up and family education. Advances in assay technologies, including electrochemiluminescence, multiplex platforms, and novel ultrasensitive methods, have enhanced the feasibility and accuracy of large-scale screening. The review also examines the public health implications, cost-effectiveness, and ethical considerations of implementing population-based screening, particularly in light of emerging disease-modifying therapies such as teplizumab. Overall, available evidence supports screening as a meaningful strategy to shift T1D diagnosis from an acute emergency to a predictable clinical trajectory, with potential benefits extending from individual patient outcomes to healthcare system sustainability.

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Marco Calderone www.mdpi.com