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Open AccessArticle
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Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Wood Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042046 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 January 2025
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Revised: 7 February 2025
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Accepted: 12 February 2025
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Published: 15 February 2025
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The results of this study demonstrate a practical application for improving the performance and reliability of 3D printing systems. By integrating a load cell-based force measurement system into the 3D printer, this approach can be used to dynamically monitor and optimize printing parameters. This is particularly beneficial for preventing nozzle clogging and ensuring the uniform extrusion of composite filaments containing, for example, wood particles. The proposed system could be used as part of an effective tool for real-time quality control in additive manufacturing, especially for materials with a variable composition.
Abstract
In this study, a modified 3D printer hotend equipped with a load cell, attached to the feeding system, was used to evaluate the effects of filament material composition and printing parameters on the extrusion force required. Four different materials (commercial PLA, pure PLA, wood-PLA with different ratios of wood particles, and wood-PLA with different ratios of thermally modified wood particles) were used for 3D printing, and the feeding resistance was measured. The filament feeder was connected to the extruder hotend via a load cell, which measured the forces required to push the filament through the extruder and the nozzle. Three printing nozzle temperatures of 200, 210, and 220 °C were used. The results show that the printing temperature and the material influence the required extrusion forces, which varied between 1 and 8 N, but the variation was high. With proper optimization and integration into the printer firmware, this setup could also be used to detect nozzle clogging during printing, modify printing parameters during the process, and prevent the uneven extrusion of composite filaments.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Krapež, D.; Jusufagić, M.; Obućina, M.; Kitek Kuzman, M.; Kariž, M.
Effect of Filament Material and Printing Temperature on 3D Printing Extrusion Force. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 2046.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042046
Krapež D, Jusufagić M, Obućina M, Kitek Kuzman M, Kariž M.
Effect of Filament Material and Printing Temperature on 3D Printing Extrusion Force. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(4):2046.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042046
Chicago/Turabian Style
Krapež, Daša, Muhammed Jusufagić, Murčo Obućina, Manja Kitek Kuzman, and Mirko Kariž.
2025. “Effect of Filament Material and Printing Temperature on 3D Printing Extrusion Force” Applied Sciences 15, no. 4: 2046.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042046
APA Style
Krapež, D., Jusufagić, M., Obućina, M., Kitek Kuzman, M., & Kariž, M.
(2025). Effect of Filament Material and Printing Temperature on 3D Printing Extrusion Force. Applied Sciences, 15(4), 2046.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042046
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Daša Krapež www.mdpi.com
