Environments, Vol. 13, Pages 88: Optimization of Coagulation–Flocculation Treatment for Fish Farm Effluent Using Green Coagulants and Recovery of the Produced Sludge

Environments doi: 10.3390/environments13020088

Authors:
Sajjad Hatim Kadhim
Asia Fadhile Almansoory
Israa Abdulwahab Al-Baldawi
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
Karima F. Abbas
Muhammad Fauzul Imron
Setyo Budi Kurniawan

Treatment of wastewater effluent is essential to reduce environmental impact and keep surface water clean, meeting sustainable criteria. While plant-based coagulants are known for their eco-friendly profiles, their dual application for high-efficiency nutrient removal and subsequent sludge valorization in fish farm systems remain under-explored. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for using natural coagulants to recover nutrients from fish farm effluent. Two types of natural coagulants, Alhagi graecorum leaves and apricot seeds, were evaluated for the treatment and recovery of nutrients from fish farm effluent due to their high removal efficiency, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD) to investigate the effects of three factors: coagulant concentration (1000–7000 mg/L), wastewater pH (5–9), and settling time (15–35 min). The primary responses measured were the removal efficiencies of phosphate (PO4) and nitrate (NO3). According to the CCD results, maximum removal efficiencies reached 92.63% and 73.49% for PO4 and NO3, respectively. The optimal conditions were identified as pH 5, 1000 mg/L coagulant concentration, and a 35 min settling time for A. graecorum, and pH 9, 1000 mg/L concentration, and a 15 min settling time for apricot seed. These findings establish the optimal conditions for using these natural substances as effective agents for sustainable wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery.

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