Alam et al., 2019
[52]collegiate students with bilateral pronated feet (n = 28)
(age 18–25 years)2 intervention groupsnavicular drop testseating/standingTP strengthening and IP stretching (I1) (3 × /6 weeks)
towel curl exercises (I2) (7 × /6 weeks)navicular dropgreater improvement for navicular drop in I1 than I2 groupAraujo et al., 2017
[53]healthy females (n = 36)
(age 18–35 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemstep downhip and trunk strengthening exercises (3 × /8 weeks)knee abduction, foot eversion angleno significant changes in knee abduction and foot eversionBell et al., 2013
[54]healthy males and females with visually identified knee valgus
(n = 32)
(age 18–35 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemdouble leg squathip- and ankle-based strength training program (3 × /3 weeks)knee valgus angle, medial knee displacementsignificant reduction in knee valgus angle and medial knee displacementBrijwasi et al., 2023
[55]healthy males and females with flexible flat foot (n= 49)
(age 20–22 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupnavicular drop test
goniometerstandingankle dorsi-plantarflexion, short foot exercises, gluteal muscle strengthening, and calf stretches
(3 × /6 weeks)navicular drop, medial longitudinal arch anglesignificant reduction in navicular drop and increase in medial longitudinal arch angle in training groupChappell et al., 2008
[56]healthy female collegiate athletes (n = 30)
(age 18–21 years)1 intervention groupmotion capture systemdrop jump and vertical stop jumpneuromuscular training program (6 × /6 weeks)knee valgus angleno significant change in knee valgus after the interventionDa Silva Neto et al., 2022
[57]recreational runners
(n = 24)
(age 20–45 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupfoot posture index (FPI-6)standinggait retraining and static balance training with visual biofeedback (4 × /2 weeks)foot pronationsignificant reduction in foot pronationDawson et al., 2015
[58]recreationally active males and females
(n = 17)
(age 24–36 years)2 intervention groupsdigital camerasingle leg squathip strengthening training (I1), skill acquisition training (I2)
(3 × /6 weeks)knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA)significant reduction in FPPA in both groupsDe Marche Baldon et al., 2013 [59]healthy recreational female athletes
(n = 36)
(age 18–22 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupdigital camerassingle leg squatplyometric training (3 × /8 weeks)knee abduction anglesignificant reduction in knee abduction in the intervention groupDe Marche Baldon et al., 2014
[60]healthy recreational female athletes
(n= 28)
(age 18–22 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupdigital camerassingle leg squatfunctional stabilization training (3 × /8 weeks)knee abduction anglesignificant reduction in knee abduction in the intervention groupDunn et al., 2018
[61]recreational runners
(n = 20)
(age 26–33 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemrunningpose running retraining (2 h × 3 sessions)foot eversion angleno significant change in peak foot eversion angleEricksen et al., 2016
[62]recreationally active females with dynamic knee valgus
(n = 48)
(age 18–30 years)2 intervention groups, 1 control groupmotion capture systemjump landingtraditional feedback jump landing training and real time feedback jump landing training (I1), traditional feedback jump landing training (I2)
(3 × /4 weeks)knee abduction angleno significant change in knee abduction angle for all groupsGhanati et al., 2022
[63]male athletes
(n = 48)
(age 20–25 years)3 intervention groups, 1 control groupmotion capture systemsingle leg vertical drop jumpsquat and jump trainings with self-controlled feedback (SF) (I1), external focus (EF) of attention (I2), and differential learning (DL) strategies (I3)
(2 × /8 weeks)knee abduction anglesignificant reduction in knee abduction for DL and EF groupsGoo et al., 2016
[64]healthy males and females with pronated feet
(n= 18)
(age 20–23 years)2 intervention groupsnavicular drop teststandinggluteus maximus muscle and intrinsic foot muscle strengthening (I1), intrinsic foot muscle strengthening (I2)
(5 × /4 weeks)navicular dropsignificant reduction in navicular drop in the combined training groupHerman et al., 2009
[65]female recreational athletes
(n = 66)
(age 18–30 years)1 intervention, 1 control group)motion capture systemstop-jumplower extremity strength training (3 × /9 weeks)knee valgus angleno significant change in knee valgusHerman et al., 2008
[66]female recreational athletes
(n = 58)
(age 18–30 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemstop-jumpstrength training with video-assisted feedback
(3 × /9 weeks)knee valgus angleno significant change in knee valgus for both groupHerrington., 2010 [67]national female basketball players (n = 15)
(age 18–22 years)1 intervention groupdigital cameradrop jump task, jump-shot taskprogressive jump training
(3 × /4 weeks)knee valgus anglesignificant reduction in knee valgusHowe et al., 2022
[68]healthy females and males with restricted ankle dorsiflexion range of motion
(n = 11)
(age 20–22 years)2 intervention groupsdigital camerabilateral drop landinglower extremity strength and
ankle mobility training (I1), lower extremity strength training (I2)
(3 × /4 weeks)knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA)no significant change in FPPAJeong et al., 2020
[69]recreationally active females (n = 25)
(age 22–26 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemside-step cuttinglower extremity muscle strength training
(3 × /10 weeks)knee valgus angleno significant reduction in knee valgusJeong et al., 2021
[70]recreationally active men
(n = 48)
(age 19–25 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemside-step cuttingcore muscle strengthening (3 × /10 weeks)knee valgus anglesignificant decrease in knee valgus in intervention groupKato et al., 2008
[71]female college basketball players (n = 20)
(age 19–21 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupdigital cameraquick stop-jump tasklower extremity alignment control training (3 × /4 weeks)knee abduction anglesignificant reduction in knee abduction in the intervention groupLynn et al., 2012
[72]healthy males and females
(n = 24)
(age 20–25 years)2 intervention groups, 1 control groupstanding navicular heightstandingshort foot exercises (I1),
towel curl exercises (I2)
(7 × /4 weeks)navicular heightno significant change in navicular height for all groupsMcCurdy et al., 2012
[73]recreationally active, healthy females
(n = 27)
(age 19–23 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemunilateral and bilateral drop jumplower extremity weight-bearing resistance training
(2 × /8 weeks)knee valgus angleno significant change in knee valgus for both groupsMozafaripour et al., 2022 [74]healthy males with dynamic knee valgus
(n= 30)
(age 18–28 years)1 interventio, 1 control groupmotion capture systemsingle leg squatcomprehensive corrective exercises for hip, leg, and foot
(3 × /8 weeks)knee valgus anglesignificant improvement in knee valgus angle in the intervention groupMulligan et al., 2013 [75]healthy females and males
(n = 21)
(age 22–30 years)1 intervention groupnavicular drop teststandingshort foot exercises
(7 × /4 weeks)navicular dropsignificant reduction in navicular drop at 4-week and 8-week follow-up after interventionOkamura et al., 2020 [76]healthy females and males with pes planus
(n = 20)
(age 19–22 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupfoot posture index (FPI-6),
navicular drop, test
motion capture systemstanding and walkingshort foot exercises
(3 × /8 weeks)foot pronation, navicular dropsignificant improvement of FPI score in both groups, significant reduction in navicular drop in the control groupOlson et al., 2011 [77]healthy females with medial knee placement
(n = 18)
(age 18–25 years)1 intervention groupdigital camera,
motion capture systemsingle leg step downneuromuscular training
(3 × /4 weeks)knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA), knee abduction anglesignificant reduction in FPPA, but no change in 3D knee abductionPabon-Carrasco et al., 2020 [78]healthy females and males with pronated foot
(n = 85)
(age 19–22 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupnavicular drop test,
foot posture index (FPI-6)standingshort foot exercises
(7 × /4 weeks)navicular drop, foot pronationno significant change in foot pronation and navicular drop for both groupsPalmer et al., 2015 [79]military personnel volunteers with increased dynamic knee valgus and internal rotation (n = 29)
(age 29–39 years)2 intervention groupsmotion capture systemsingle leg squat and single leg landingisolated hip strengthening (I1), functional motor control exercises (I2)
(3–4 × /5 weeks)knee valgus angleno statistically significant improvement in knee valgus for both groupsSanchez-Rodriguez et al., 2020 [80]healthy females and males with pronated feet (n = 36)
(age 18–27 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupfoot posture index (FPI-6)standingfoot intrinsic and extrinsic muscle and core muscle-strengthening exercises
(2 × /9 weeks)foot pronationsignificant reduction in foot pronation in the intervention groupSasaki et al., 2019 [81]female collegiate basketball players
(n = 17)
(age 18–22 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemjump landing and single leg squatcore strength training
(4 × /8 weeks)knee valgus anglesignificant reduction in knee valgus angle during single leg squat in the intervention groupSnyder et al., 2009 [82]healthy females (n = 13)
(age 20–23 years)1 intervention groupmotion capture systemrunningclosed-chain hip rotation and abduction strengthening exercises
(3 × /6 weeks)knee abduction, foot eversion anglesignificant reduction in foot eversionSulowska et al., 2016 [83]long distance runners
(n = 25)
(age 22–35 years)2 intervention groupsfoot posture index (FPI-6)standingVele’s forward lean and reverse tandem gait (I1),
short foot exercises (I2)
(7 × /6 weeks)foot pronationno significant change for both group in total score of FPITate et al., 2013
[84]female recreational athletes with medial knee displacement during jump landing
(n = 26)
(age 18–30 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupmotion capture systemcounter movement jumpsupervised and homebased counter movement jump training (3 sessions/1 week)knee abduction angleno significant change in knee abductionUnver et al., 2020
[85]healthy males and females with pes planus
(n= 41)
(age 18–25 years)1 intervention, 1 control groupnavicular drop test,
foot posture index (FPI-6)standingshort foot exercises
(7 × /6 weeks)navicular drop, foot pronationsignificant reduction in navicular drop and FPI scoreUtsahachant et al., 2023
[86]healthy females and males with flexible flat foot
(n = 45)
(age 20–29 years)2 intervention groups, 1 control groupnavicular drop test,
motion capture systemstanding and walkingshort foot exercises (I1), lower extremity strengthening and short foot exercises (I2)
(3 × /6 weeks)navicular dropsignificant reduction in navicular drop for both intervention group