Mathematics, Vol. 13, Pages 3104: On the General Solution of xn+1=axn+1−2kb+cxn+1−kxn+1−2k

Mathematics doi: 10.3390/math13193104

Authors:
A. Alameer
Bashir Al-Hdaibat
Ahmad M. Adawi
Mohammad A. Safi

This paper investigates the global dynamics of a broad class of nonlinear rational difference equations given by xn+1=axn+1−2kb+cxn+1−kxn+1−2k,n=0,1,…, which generalizes several known models in the literature. We establish the existence of exactly three equilibrium points and show that the trivial equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the parameter ratio α=(b/a) lies in (−1,1). The nontrivial equilibria are shown to be always unstable. An explicit general solution is derived, enabling a detailed analysis of solution behavior in terms of initial conditions and parameters. Furthermore, we identify and classify minimal period 2k and 4k solutions, providing necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of constant and periodic behaviors. These analytical results are supported by numerical simulations, confirming the theoretical predictions. The findings generalize and refine existing results by offering a unified framework for analyzing a wide class of rational difference equations.

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