Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals used for decades in industrial processes and consumer products. Known for their resistance to heat, water, and oil, they are found in everything from firefighting foams to non-stick cookware. However, PFAS do not break down naturally in the environment, and their presence has been detected in soil, drinking water, and even human bloodstreams. Addressing this issue requires more than cleanup efforts. Reducing exposure must begin at the source.

Understanding Where PFAS Start

PFAS contamination often begins at manufacturing sites where the chemicals are produced or used. These facilities release PFAS into the air, water, or soil through waste discharge, product runoff, or accidental leaks. Over time, these chemicals seep into groundwater or nearby surface water, making their way into municipal water systems and agricultural lands.

Firefighting training centers are another major source. Foam used in training and emergency response scenarios contains PFAS compounds that remain in the soil long after use. Without proper containment systems, the chemicals spread through stormwater runoff or leach into aquifers.

Targeting Industrial Discharge

Reducing emissions at industrial sites is critical. Companies must evaluate their processes and identify where PFAS chemicals are being used. Substitution with safer alternatives is one of the most effective strategies. For instance, some textile and paper manufacturers have shifted to fluorine-free coatings to maintain performance without relying on persistent chemicals.

Regulatory action is also driving change. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued health advisories and continues to develop legally enforceable limits for PFAS in drinking water. Some states have introduced stricter guidelines, compelling manufacturers to reduce or eliminate PFAS discharges into water systems.

On-site treatment systems are another option. These technologies capture PFAS before wastewater leaves the facility. Activated carbon filters, ion exchange resins, and high-pressure membranes are among the most common methods used to contain and remove these compounds.

Preventing PFAS Use in Consumer Products

Many PFAS-containing products reach consumers without clear labeling. This makes it difficult for individuals to make informed decisions about what they bring into their homes. Regulatory efforts can help address this issue by requiring transparency in product labeling and restricting PFAS use in items such as food packaging, cosmetics, and cleaning products.

Retailers and product manufacturers can also play a role by auditing supply chains and committing to phase out PFAS in their product lines. Voluntary certification programs already exist to highlight products free from these substances, helping consumers and procurement managers reduce demand at the point of sale.

Improving Site Management and Cleanup Protocols

While prevention is the priority, legacy contamination still needs to be addressed. Cleanup projects at military bases, airports, and industrial facilities are ongoing, but they require substantial funding and long timelines. Until large-scale remediation is complete, interim containment solutions are essential.

Land management practices can reduce the spread of PFAS from contaminated soil. For example, covering exposed earth with impermeable materials, improving stormwater controls, and preventing agricultural use of affected water sources can slow the movement of these substances into surrounding areas.

Some organizations are turning to PFAS solutions that integrate both prevention and treatment. These strategies include identifying contamination pathways, replacing PFAS in products and processes, and using targeted remediation methods where necessary. A comprehensive approach limits future spread and reduces the burden on public water systems.

Addressing PFAS at the source is a long-term commitment that requires cooperation across sectors. Industry, government, and communities each have a role to play. Eliminating these chemicals from production processes, consumer goods, and industrial discharge points is the most effective way to prevent further contamination. For more information, look over the infographic below.